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The Licence Raj or Permit Raj (''rāj'', meaning "rule" in Hindi)〔Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. ''rāj'': to reign, rule; cognate with L. ''rēx'', ''rēg-is'', OIr. ''rī'', ''rīg'' king (see RICH).〕 was the elaborate system of licences, regulations and accompanying red tape that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990.〔(Street Hawking Promise Jobs in Future ), ''The Times of India'', 2001-11-25〕 The Licence Raj was a result of India's decision to have a planned economy where all aspects of the economy are controlled by the state and licences are given to a select few. Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something and, if granted, the government would regulate production. Reforms since the mid-1980s have significantly reduced regulation, but Indian labour laws still prevent manufacturers from reducing their workforce without prohibitive burdens. ==Term== The term plays off "British Raj", the period of British rule in India. It was coined by Indian statesman Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, who firmly opposed it for its potential for political corruption and economic stagnation and founded the Swatantra Party to oppose these practices. In his newspaper, Rajagopalachari wrote: "I want the corruptions of the Permit/Licence Raj to go. () I want the officials appointed to administer laws and policies to be free from pressures of the bosses of the ruling party, and gradually restored back to the standards of fearless honesty which they once maintained. () I want real equal opportunities for all and no private monopolies created by the Permit/Licence Raj." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Licence Raj」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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